When the string is released, the limbs quickly return to their state of rest and release the energy stored by drawing the string. Therefore, the power of a bow is measured in terms of draw weight. The height and strength of the archer determines the ideal draw weight of the bow. A combination of the length of draw and the draw weight of the bow determines the cast propelling force of the bow.
Adjusting either or both of these features allows the arrowhead to be made larger or smaller as needed. The draw weight of the bow also determines the ideal weight and diameter of the arrow shaft.
Even a bow with a high draw weight can only throw an arrow so far. If the arrow is too heavy, it will not fly far or fast enough to be very useful. A shaft that is too thick or too thin will also lead to problems. It must compress enough to bend around the bow stave as it is launched by the string. If it does not bend, the arrow flies to the side of the target. If it bends too much, it will wobble reducing the striking force or even shatter.
The length of the draw, also determined by the body of the archer, determines the length of the arrow. The Flintknapping is the making of flaked or chipped stone tools. This technology was used in historic times to manufacture gun flints and in prehistoric times to make spear and dart points, arrow heads, knives, scrapers, blades, gravers, perforators, and many other tools. Flintknapping is the making of flaked or chipped stone tools.
Flintknapping requires the ability to control the way rocks break when they are struck. The best rock is somewhat brittle and uniform in texture and structure, lacking frost fractures, inclusions, or other flaws. This type of rock is very fine grained or non-grained. The best rocks for flint-knapping are chert, flint, chalcedony, quartzite, jasper, and obsidian. Chert and flint are silica-rich rocks found throughout the Midwest in limestone and dolomite deposits.
These rock types, when struck with another rock, piece of antler, or bone, will fracture or break in a characteristic pattern called a conchoidal fracture. This creates a rock fragment called a flake. Flakes have specific features identifying them as the result of human hands rather than natural processes.
All flakes typically have a striking platform A , bulb of percussion B , eraillure C , radial fissures D , ripple marks E , and negative flake scars on the dorsal side from earlier flake removals F. You can think of these features in terms of dropping a rock in a still pond: the rock hitting the water A , the splash B , the drops that fly away from the splash C , the drops that fall back near the splash D , and the concentric waves moving outward E.
Naturally broken rocks usually do not exhibit these features. The production process begins with a piece of raw material, called a core. Flakes are removed by striking the edge of the core with a sharp, forceful blow, in what is called percussion flaking. Percussion flakes are removed using a hard hammer or soft hammer. Hard hammers are typically made of igneous or metamorphic rocks such as granite, quartz, basalt, or gneiss.
Hard hammers tend to pass most of their energy to the core without absorbing much of the force, so they are used to flake large cores of hard materials. A carefully controlled strike is always more important than a hard strike when using a hard hammer.
A soft hammer is made of a piece of antler, although bone and some very hard woods can be used. Moose, deer, elk, and caribou antler are all usable soft hammers. Soft hammers are used when flaking very brittle material such as obsidian or when greater control is needed. Soft hammers will not pass as much energy to the core and will absorb some of the force, affording greater control of the size and shape of the removed flake.
Edges being worked must be ground dull prior to flake removal. This dulling helps prevent edge collapse. A piece of sandstone, very soft limestone, or other soft rock may be used to dull the edge. Indirect percussion flaking is a process where some device holds the core or flake being worked, leaving both hands free to drive off flakes with greater force or precision. One hand holds a punch-like piece of antler or bone against the core while the other holds a hammer and strikes the punch to drive off flakes.
This combines the accuracy of pressure flaking with the force of percussion flaking. The knapper detaches flakes by applying leverage pressure to an edge. An antler tine, piece of bone, or hard wood sharpened for accurate application of force is needed for flake removal.
Downward and outward pressure pops the flakes off. This method can straighten and sharpen edges of a finished tool or shape a tool from flake to final form. Flakes can be used for simple tasks or can be further reduced to make various types of tools. A small amount of shaping can turn a flake into a knife, scraper, or other useful implement.
A biface is any chipped tool produced by flaking of both surfaces. Each stage reflects progressive reduction of a core or large flake. The desired product might be a projectile point, knife, or drill. Bifaces and other tools were usually repaired and resharpened frequently, extending their use-lives but reducing their sizes until they were discarded.
Heat treatment improves the knapping quality of some raw materials. It requires gradual application of high heat. The color and luster of the rock often change noticeably, and the flaking quality of the rock improves because its texture becomes smoother and less grainy. Heat treatment is usually applied to small and medium cores, flakes, or bifaces; larger pieces are difficult to heat evenly and thoroughly.
To begin the process, a good sized fire is burned down to glowing coals and hot sand. A pit is excavated and the remains of the old fire placed into it A and B. Already warmed chert pieces are placed into the pit C and covered with sand. A new fire is built and allowed to burn out over a 24 hour period before digging up the heat treated pieces. Care must be taken, for heat treatment can cause rocks to fracture explosively.
Flintknapping is a fun and interesting hobby which can provide considerable insight into the lives of prehistoric peoples. Chert, flint, and other rocks usable for flint-knapping can be acquired from local quarry operators, rock shops, stream beds, and other gravels, or by knowing your local geology.
Antler and bone for hammers can be obtained from your local meat locker or butcher. Flintknapping is very dangerous. Cuts are common and can be severe. Always wear safety glasses, knap outside, and make it easy to clean up by using a tarp.
Work where your flakes will not be mistaken for a real archaeological site, because the methods described here can produce flakes identical to prehistoric flakes. Try using your flaked stone tools in your garden or kitchen to see how well they work and learn more about the lifeways of stone age peoples.
Ancient Iowans used many kinds of animal bones as raw material for tools. Along with artifacts of stone, shell, and wood, bone implements were an important part of many tool kits. As a raw material, bone is tough and slightly brittle.
With only slight modifications, the scapulae shoulder blades of bison and elk could be made into hoes, and the ulnae foreleg bones of deer could be worked into awls. Other types of tools such as fishhooks required considerable labor to reach their desired form. Softer than most stone and harder than wood, the hardness and resilience of bone made it particularly useful. Fresh bone can be split, broken, and splintered. Relatively fresh bone can be modified in various ways, depending on the form and size of the bone and the type of tool desired.
The simplest means of modifying bone is by breaking the bone on an anvil with a large hammerstone. This technique was commonly employed to extract nutritious marrow from the bone cavity. Long bones of large. This technique of breaking bones is relatively haphazard, but when coupled with other methods such as grooving or sawing, it can be used to shape more sophisticated tools.
For some delicate bone tools, it is first necessary to score the parent bone. The piece can then be broken free with relative ease and made into an awl or needle. Grooving bone with a modified flake tool can be slow.
Soaking the bone in water for a few days can speed up the process by temporarily softening the bone, making cutting and scraping easier. Once the bone is dry, it will return to its hard, resilient state. Bone can be sawed into sections with a serrated bifacial stone knife or flake tool. After the saw cuts have been made to a sufficient depth, the bone can easily be broken by hand. Stone drills, either hand held or attached to shafts, may be used to bore holes through bone for making such tools as arrow-shaft wrenches.
The small eyes of sewing and matting needles can be made by a sawing or twisting motion with a graver tip. Polishing, final shaping, and sharpening were done with a sandstone abrader. I never said they were not responsible for the artefacts - they most likely cold forged those, but as I said, there is evidence of ancient bog iron smelters in Ohio, so some native group apparently did use even harder metals.
They most surely processed it, but some other group Atlanteans or Phonecians most likely were the ones who organized and supervised the mining, casting, and shipping on such a large scale. Considering they were the culture that were responsible for these artefacts, you're just racist! Ancient Origins has been quoted by:. At Ancient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings.
And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there exist countless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts that have yet to be discovered and explained. The goal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe.
By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Skip to main content. Updated 22 March, - Nathan Falde.
Read Later Print. Login or Register in order to comment. Crasslee wrote on 22 March, - Although I'm happy for you to donate to my paypal. Crasslee wrote on 24 March, - Already sorted that out thanks. Maybe go peddle your pet theories somewhere else. Andrew LB wrote on 23 March, - There are two types of routers — table routers, that are mounted under a special table. In this case, the router bit faces upwards in this case. And there are hand routers, that cannot be mounted in the table, but must operate by hand.
In this second type, the router bit faces downwards. Personally, I use hand routers. Table routers are quite easy to use, you just move the fence to proper position, so that you can push the lumber to the fence, keeping the center of the router bit on the center of the lumber piece.
Then you just place some wood blocks where you want routing to stop, and route both chambers in two lumber pieces. A general idea for routing flute — build a jig, place a piece of lumber in it, and route it :. A simple jig for routing flutes is a rail, like the one above. I mount it to my workbench with woodworking clamps.
A piece of lumber is placed in the middle, and I slide the router above it. There are countless ways to build a jig for making flutes — the above one is just an example that worked well in my case.
With bigger budget, I would have create something fancier, but so far, the jig I use works just fine. To build this jig, use whatever wood you have — the whole point is to create a rail with a row in the middle, into which you can put your lumber piece to be turned into a flute. Look at the photo below:. A is the front block — it just stops the movement of router. B is the secondary, movable block. In this case, it is mounted mm from A — in other words, 1 equals mm — but this is not a number set in stone — more on that in a minute.
Basically, you put the lumber piece into the rail, and mount the B block. Then, you mount the router bit in your router. It is pushed against the 1 wall on the next photo. This edge of the rail is used to guide the router straight.
Looking through the timeline, it can be said that these items can be categorized as prehistoric tools and weapons. These stone age weapons and tools reveal a whole lot of things regarding how these Native Americans have lived during the stone age, how they have survived, and how creative they were. Knowing about stone age tools and their uses is one way for the present people to understand more the Native Americans and what they went through in order to survive.
This article summarizes all the other account of stone age tools and impements and their uses. Obviously, it is the term used for items that are made of stones. There are many types of stone tools in the history of Native Americans. Among the many stones that are available, Flint and chert are often the common ones. Prehistoric tools are known for their strength. Stones are common for stone tool making due to the fact that they are flexible enough to be used in making different varieties.
Different Indian stone tools have unique functions and forms. With that, follows are some examples of Native American stone tools that went down in history along with their stone age tools pictures:. These ancient Indian tools are characterized by their being an axe look-a-like.
Most of the time, tools carrying this name are those that have edges sharp enough to cut through things. Also, these tools are often used to smoothen or carve wood.
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